Population ages 80 and above, male, annual growth rate by country
The year-on-year percentage change in Population ages 80 and above, male. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
What the numbers show
Population ages 80 and above, male, annual growth rate is currently reported for 218 countries. The highest value is 14.89 % change on previous year in Marshall Islands; the lowest is -7.73 % change on previous year in Turkmenistan.
The median across all reporting countries is 3.56 % change on previous year, and the mean is 3 % change on previous year.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 2.
Over the past decade 123 countries rose and 94 fell. The largest increase was in Zambia (up 2,759.7%), and the largest decrease in Turkmenistan (down 2,242.0%).
Population ages 80 and above, male, annual growth rate: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Marshall Islands | 14.89 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 919.1% | volatile |
| 2 | Central African Republic | 12.3 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 345.6% | volatile |
| 3 | Malta | 11.69 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 119.1% | volatile |
| 4 | Northern Mariana Islands | 10.67 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 35.1% | volatile |
| 5 | Gibraltar | 10.64 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 148.5% | volatile |
| 6 | Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | 9.38 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 23.3% | volatile |
| 7 | Saudi Arabia | 8.89 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 9.4% | volatile |
| 8 | Liechtenstein | 8.25 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 110.2% | volatile |
| 9 | French Polynesia | 8.17 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 20.7% | volatile |
| 10 | Cayman Islands | 8.07 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 19.8% | volatile |
| 11 | Guam | 7.99 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 48.3% | volatile |
| 12 | British Virgin Islands | 7.46 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 46.5% | volatile |
| 13 | Trinidad and Tobago | 7.46 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 110.7% | volatile |
| 14 | Denmark | 7.2 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 133.2% | volatile |
| 15 | Colombia | 7.07 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 48.9% | rising |
| 16 | Norway | 7 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 1,018.8% | volatile |
| 17 | Andorra | 6.7 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 183.2% | volatile |
| 18 | Iran | 6.68 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 12.9% | volatile |
| 19 | Aruba | 6.65 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 7.1% | volatile |
| 20 | Greenland | 6.41 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 67.6% | volatile |
| 21 | Bangladesh | 6.4 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 2.6% | volatile |
| 22 | Egypt | 6.35 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 266.6% | volatile |
| 23 | Macao | 6.26 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 36.8% | volatile |
| 24 | Czechia | 6.23 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 254.8% | volatile |
| 25 | Micronesia (country) | 6.18 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 335.7% | volatile |
| 26 | Sweden | 6.12 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 370.9% | rising |
| 27 | Jordan | 6.07 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 40.2% | volatile |
| 28 | Australia | 5.91 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 106.0% | rising |
| 29 | Niger | 5.86 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 3.9% | falling |
| 30 | Ireland | 5.8 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 20.1% | volatile |
| 31 | Finland | 5.7 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 60.6% | rising |
| 32 | Sudan | 5.65 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 96.4% | flat |
| 33 | Honduras | 5.61 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 56.9% | volatile |
| 34 | Costa Rica | 5.59 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 0.2% | rising |
| 35 | Brazil | 5.56 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 2.2% | falling |
| 36 | East Timor | 5.52 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 29.3% | volatile |
| 37 | Ethiopia | 5.48 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 12.3% | volatile |
| 38 | Eritrea | 5.41 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 59.6% | volatile |
| 39 | Iraq | 5.38 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 39.9% | volatile |
| 40 | Maldives | 5.36 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 32.2% | volatile |
| 41 | New Caledonia | 5.18 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 15.3% | volatile |
| 41 | Channel Islands | 1.31 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 65.7% | volatile |
| 42 | Philippines | 5.15 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 56.6% | volatile |
| 43 | Nicaragua | 5.14 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 71.3% | volatile |
| 44 | North Korea | 5.1 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 61.7% | volatile |
| 45 | Djibouti | 5.06 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 9.8% | falling |
| 46 | Tanzania | 5.02 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 56.9% | falling |
| 47 | Gambia | 5 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 340.5% | volatile |
| 48 | Burkina Faso | 4.98 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 95.9% | volatile |
| 49 | Switzerland | 4.97 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 47.3% | rising |
| 50 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 4.92 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 4.8% | volatile |
| 51 | Ecuador | 4.9 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 9.1% | volatile |
| 52 | Afghanistan | 4.86 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 19.3% | volatile |
| 53 | Namibia | 4.84 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 86.4% | volatile |
| 54 | Somalia | 4.84 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 8.8% | volatile |
| 55 | Sri Lanka | 4.83 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 48.5% | volatile |
| 56 | Malaysia | 4.83 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 5.8% | volatile |
| 57 | Panama | 4.81 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 23.6% | rising |
| 58 | Guatemala | 4.74 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 46.1% | volatile |
| 59 | Venezuela | 4.74 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 25.2% | falling |
| 60 | South Sudan | 4.7 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 136.5% | volatile |
| 61 | Portugal | 4.67 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 28.5% | rising |
| 62 | South Korea | 4.66 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 48.6% | rising |
| 63 | Morocco | 4.65 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 45.0% | volatile |
| 64 | Kosovo | 4.63 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 66.6% | volatile |
| 64 | Kosovo (UNSCR 1244) | 4.63 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 66.6% | volatile |
| 66 | American Samoa | 4.59 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 32.7% | volatile |
| 67 | Syria | 4.58 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 434.0% | volatile |
| 68 | Burundi | 4.53 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 619.8% | volatile |
| 69 | Canada | 4.44 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 50.6% | rising |
| 70 | India | 4.42 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 1.5% | rising |
| 71 | Qatar | 4.4 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 139.0% | volatile |
| 72 | Curacao | 4.38 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 18.3% | volatile |
| 73 | Antigua and Barbuda | 4.36 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 427.8% | volatile |
| 74 | Oman | 4.36 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 8.4% | volatile |
| 75 | Cambodia | 4.35 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 38.0% | volatile |
| 76 | Eswatini | 4.34 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 21.4% | falling |
| 77 | Bermuda | 4.34 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 50.1% | volatile |
| 78 | United States | 4.33 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 160.6% | falling |
| 79 | Iceland | 4.31 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 146.0% | volatile |
| 80 | Peru | 4.31 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 6.9% | volatile |
| 81 | Mauritius | 4.31 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 6.9% | volatile |
| 82 | Nepal | 4.29 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 13.1% | rising |
| 83 | Angola | 4.27 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 5.9% | volatile |
| 84 | Slovakia | 4.26 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 131.3% | volatile |
| 85 | Bahamas | 4.2 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 7.2% | rising |
| 86 | Paraguay | 4.19 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 48.5% | volatile |
| 87 | Chile | 4.18 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 9.5% | rising |
| 88 | Netherlands | 4.17 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 13.3% | rising |
| 89 | Spain | 4.13 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 26.4% | falling |
| 90 | Puerto Rico | 4.06 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 931.8% | volatile |
| 91 | Dominican Republic | 4.02 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 20.7% | falling |
| 92 | Kiribati | 4.02 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 179.9% | volatile |
| 93 | Mexico | 4.02 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 57.0% | volatile |
| 94 | Isle of Man | 3.98 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 40.8% | volatile |
| 95 | New Zealand | 3.96 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 59.8% | volatile |
| 96 | Jamaica | 3.92 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 498.6% | volatile |
| 97 | Argentina | 3.89 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 34.6% | falling |
| 98 | Cyprus | 3.83 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 6.2% | volatile |
| 99 | Singapore | 3.83 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 38.0% | falling |
| 100 | Yemen | 3.8 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 5.3% | rising |
| 101 | Benin | 3.74 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 29.5% | volatile |
| 102 | Guyana | 3.73 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 131.3% | volatile |
| 103 | Barbados | 3.71 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 727.9% | volatile |
| 104 | Haiti | 3.69 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 13.2% | volatile |
| 105 | Lebanon | 3.68 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 44.9% | volatile |
| 106 | Nigeria | 3.63 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 5.6% | falling |
| 107 | Sierra Leone | 3.63 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 67.9% | volatile |
| 108 | Samoa | 3.61 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 1,205.7% | volatile |
| 109 | Bahrain | 3.6 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 439.0% | volatile |
| 110 | Palau | 3.53 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 97.6% | volatile |
| 111 | Liberia | 3.48 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 46.5% | volatile |
| 112 | Papua New Guinea | 3.45 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 23.6% | volatile |
| 113 | Bolivia | 3.39 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 54.3% | volatile |
| 114 | Uganda | 3.37 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 292.1% | volatile |
| 115 | Pakistan | 3.31 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 45.4% | falling |
| 116 | Thailand | 3.31 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 46.4% | rising |
| 117 | China | 3.29 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 27.5% | volatile |
| 118 | Botswana | 3.12 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 14.2% | volatile |
| 119 | Guinea-Bissau | 3.11 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 577.6% | volatile |
| 120 | Belgium | 3.1 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 16.1% | volatile |
| 121 | Israel | 3.1 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 32.0% | volatile |
| 122 | San Marino | 3.08 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 82.2% | volatile |
| 123 | Comoros | 3.05 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 1,550.1% | volatile |
| 124 | Luxembourg | 3.01 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 7.3% | volatile |
| 125 | Cameroon | 3 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 1.8% | falling |
| 126 | Belize | 2.94 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 79.6% | volatile |
| 127 | Saint Lucia | 2.91 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 43.1% | volatile |
| 128 | Mali | 2.8 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 141.1% | volatile |
| 129 | Hungary | 2.71 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 196.7% | volatile |
| 130 | Poland | 2.63 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 13.0% | volatile |
| 131 | Tunisia | 2.59 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 39.8% | volatile |
| 132 | France | 2.58 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 0.2% | volatile |
| 133 | Cote d'Ivoire | 2.57 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 152.0% | volatile |
| 134 | Myanmar | 2.55 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 21.6% | falling |
| 135 | United Kingdom | 2.54 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 1.1% | volatile |
| 136 | Zambia | 2.54 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 2,759.7% | volatile |
| 137 | El Salvador | 2.54 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 725.7% | volatile |
| 138 | Indonesia | 2.54 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 33.8% | falling |
| 139 | Gabon | 2.53 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 14.7% | flat |
| 140 | Madagascar | 2.52 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 3.5% | falling |
| 141 | Cuba | 2.48 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 132.4% | volatile |
| 142 | Guinea | 2.39 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 19.3% | volatile |
| 143 | Zimbabwe | 2.39 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 449.9% | volatile |
| 144 | Equatorial Guinea | 2.37 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 40.9% | volatile |
| 145 | South Africa | 2.35 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 112.4% | volatile |
| 146 | Algeria | 2.31 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 44.6% | volatile |
| 147 | North Macedonia | 2.28 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 64.4% | volatile |
| 148 | Congo | 2.2 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 102.9% | volatile |
| 149 | United States Virgin Islands | 2.16 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 55.7% | volatile |
| 150 | Greece | 2.13 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 36.3% | volatile |
| 151 | Rwanda | 2.12 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 41.7% | volatile |
| 152 | Malawi | 2.11 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 178.2% | volatile |
| 153 | Ghana | 2.02 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 44.8% | volatile |
| 154 | Bulgaria | 1.97 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 274.8% | volatile |
| 155 | Faroe Islands | 1.96 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 44.2% | volatile |
| 156 | United Arab Emirates | 1.91 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 79.3% | volatile |
| 157 | Albania | 1.84 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 66.7% | volatile |
| 158 | Mozambique | 1.83 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 67.6% | volatile |
| 159 | Italy | 1.76 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 45.1% | volatile |
| 160 | Brunei | 1.68 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 54.1% | volatile |
| 161 | Laos | 1.68 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 149.3% | volatile |
| 162 | Fiji | 1.67 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 6.5% | volatile |
| 163 | Turkey | 1.58 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 48.9% | volatile |
| 164 | Cape Verde | 1.33 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 62.4% | volatile |
| 165 | Hong Kong | 1.27 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 72.4% | volatile |
| 166 | Uzbekistan | 1.27 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 55.8% | volatile |
| 167 | Mongolia | 1.23 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 81.9% | volatile |
| 168 | Suriname | 1.23 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 39.4% | volatile |
| 169 | Vietnam | 1.1 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 39.3% | volatile |
| 170 | Austria | 1.03 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 43.5% | volatile |
| 171 | Slovenia | 0.9754 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 81.5% | volatile |
| 172 | Kenya | 0.9279 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 90.6% | volatile |
| 173 | Uruguay | 0.8147 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 69.7% | falling |
| 174 | Libya | 0.7262 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 84.5% | volatile |
| 175 | Mauritania | 0.6787 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 113.7% | volatile |
| 176 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 0.6742 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 89.3% | volatile |
| 177 | Tonga | 0.6303 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 247.8% | volatile |
| 178 | Japan | 0.6248 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 87.0% | falling |
| 179 | Saint Martin (French part) | 0.4902 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 64.5% | volatile |
| 180 | Bhutan | 0.2568 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 96.8% | volatile |
| 181 | Estonia | 0.2356 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 92.1% | volatile |
| 182 | Nauru | 0 % change on previous year | 2025 | — | volatile |
| 182 | Tuvalu | 0 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 184 | Romania | -0.1061 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 104.7% | volatile |
| 185 | Lithuania | -0.3609 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 117.0% | volatile |
| 186 | Vanuatu | -0.3914 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 107.4% | volatile |
| 187 | Chad | -0.4188 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 262.4% | volatile |
| 188 | Seychelles | -0.4854 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 123.5% | volatile |
| 189 | Germany | -0.5805 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 109.0% | volatile |
| 190 | Sao Tome and Principe | -0.813 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 121.7% | volatile |
| 191 | Senegal | -0.8501 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 136.5% | volatile |
| 192 | Grenada | -1.21 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 133.6% | volatile |
| 193 | Latvia | -1.21 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 159.0% | volatile |
| 194 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | -1.24 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 121.5% | volatile |
| 195 | Serbia | -1.39 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 145.5% | volatile |
| 196 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | -1.43 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 562.9% | volatile |
| 197 | Croatia | -1.63 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 151.3% | volatile |
| 198 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | -1.68 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 567.5% | volatile |
| 199 | Montenegro | -2.27 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 145.0% | volatile |
| 200 | Georgia | -2.38 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 327.2% | volatile |
| 201 | Lesotho | -2.69 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 285.8% | volatile |
| 202 | Dominica | -2.71 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 246.9% | volatile |
| 203 | Ukraine | -2.73 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 249.6% | volatile |
| 204 | Solomon Islands | -2.81 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 142.6% | volatile |
| 205 | Tajikistan | -3.07 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 264.8% | volatile |
| 206 | Monaco | -3.12 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 127.5% | volatile |
| 207 | Belarus | -3.34 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 720.1% | volatile |
| 208 | Armenia | -3.39 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 265.6% | volatile |
| 209 | Kazakhstan | -3.46 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 250.6% | volatile |
| 210 | Palestine | -4.28 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 163.9% | volatile |
| 211 | Russia | -4.66 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 314.3% | volatile |
| 212 | Togo | -5.44 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 191.5% | volatile |
| 213 | Kuwait | -5.45 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 141.8% | volatile |
| 214 | Moldova | -5.89 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 1,224.0% | volatile |
| 215 | Azerbaijan | -5.95 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 201.8% | volatile |
| 216 | Kyrgyzstan | -7.67 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 242.6% | volatile |
| 217 | Turkmenistan | -7.73 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 2,242.0% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 4.83 % change on previous year
- Chagai 1.31 % change on previous year
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 4.8 % change on previous year
- Latin America & Caribbean 4.73 % change on previous year
- Least developed countries 4.7 % change on previous year
- South Asia 4.63 % change on previous year
- South Asia (IDA & IBRD) 4.63 % change on previous year
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan 4.54 % change on previous year
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (IDA & IBRD) 4.53 % change on previous year
- Low income 4.52 % change on previous year
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (excluding high income) 4.48 % change on previous year
- Arab World 4.45 % change on previous year
- North America 4.35 % change on previous year
- Lower middle income 4.28 % change on previous year
- Early-demographic dividend 4.17 % change on previous year
- Caribbean Small States 3.84 % change on previous year
- Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) 3.84 % change on previous year
- Africa Eastern and Southern 3.81 % change on previous year
- Low & middle income 3.64 % change on previous year
- Middle income 3.61 % change on previous year
- Pre-demographic dividend 3.56 % change on previous year
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) 3.45 % change on previous year
- Sub-Saharan Africa 3.45 % change on previous year
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 3.45 % change on previous year
- Other small states 3.38 % change on previous year
- IDA & IBRD total 3.32 % change on previous year
- Upper middle income 3.32 % change on previous year
- Small states 3.31 % change on previous year
- East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 3.25 % change on previous year
- East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 3.22 % change on previous year
- World 3.06 % change on previous year
- Late-demographic dividend 2.93 % change on previous year
- Africa Western and Central 2.85 % change on previous year
- OECD members 2.77 % change on previous year
- East Asia & Pacific 2.77 % change on previous year
- Post-demographic dividend 2.53 % change on previous year
- High income 2.33 % change on previous year
- Central Europe and the Baltics 2.12 % change on previous year
- European Union 2.11 % change on previous year
- Euro area 1.87 % change on previous year
How this figure is calculated
The year-on-year percentage change in Population ages 80 and above, male. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Computed from
- Population ages 80 and above, male World Bank staff estimates using the World Bank's total population and age/sex distributions of the United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
The year-on-year percentage change in Population ages 80 and above, male. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.