Population ages 15-64, female, annual growth rate by country
The year-on-year percentage change in Population ages 15-64, female. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
What the numbers show
Population ages 15-64, female, annual growth rate is currently reported for 217 countries. The highest value is 5.29 % change on previous year in Saudi Arabia; the lowest is -5.72 % change on previous year in Saint Martin (French part).
The median across all reporting countries is 0.8995 % change on previous year, and the mean is 1.05 % change on previous year.
Over the past decade 76 countries rose and 141 fell. The largest increase was in Eritrea (up 41,430.9%), and the largest decrease in Monaco (down 5,231.1%).
Population ages 15-64, female, annual growth rate: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Saudi Arabia | 5.29 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 7.0% | falling |
| 2 | United Arab Emirates | 5.27 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 11.8% | falling |
| 3 | Qatar | 4.88 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 24.1% | volatile |
| 4 | Syria | 4.65 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 182.2% | volatile |
| 5 | Niger | 4 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 1.3% | rising |
| 6 | Oman | 3.93 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 6.9% | rising |
| 7 | Burundi | 3.79 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 279.1% | volatile |
| 8 | Mali | 3.71 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 17.2% | rising |
| 9 | Chad | 3.62 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 14.5% | volatile |
| 10 | Malawi | 3.57 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 1.4% | rising |
| 11 | Zambia | 3.57 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 2.7% | rising |
| 12 | Central African Republic | 3.56 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 569.2% | volatile |
| 13 | South Sudan | 3.47 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 277.7% | volatile |
| 14 | Somalia | 3.43 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 4.3% | volatile |
| 15 | Angola | 3.42 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 4.6% | rising |
| 16 | Uganda | 3.42 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 12.6% | rising |
| 17 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 3.41 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 2.8% | rising |
| 18 | Mozambique | 3.33 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 14.7% | rising |
| 19 | Afghanistan | 3.28 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 17.8% | volatile |
| 20 | Burkina Faso | 3.25 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 2.5% | rising |
| 21 | Ukraine | 3.24 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 341.6% | volatile |
| 22 | Mauritania | 3.23 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 0.9% | rising |
| 23 | Tanzania | 3.19 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 10.1% | rising |
| 24 | Cote d'Ivoire | 3.17 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 22.0% | falling |
| 25 | Congo | 3.17 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 58.4% | rising |
| 26 | Cameroon | 3.17 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 13.5% | rising |
| 27 | Palestine | 3.14 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 12.9% | falling |
| 28 | Yemen | 3.06 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 13.8% | rising |
| 29 | Solomon Islands | 3.01 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 24.5% | rising |
| 30 | Senegal | 3 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 9.5% | rising |
| 31 | Georgia | 2.98 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 529.2% | volatile |
| 32 | Ethiopia | 2.94 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 21.6% | rising |
| 33 | Gambia | 2.94 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 4.6% | rising |
| 34 | Iraq | 2.9 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 4.3% | rising |
| 35 | Nigeria | 2.88 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 6.6% | rising |
| 36 | Benin | 2.88 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 6.5% | rising |
| 37 | Equatorial Guinea | 2.88 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 17.2% | volatile |
| 38 | Madagascar | 2.87 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 13.2% | rising |
| 39 | Kenya | 2.86 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 2.6% | falling |
| 40 | Guinea | 2.8 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 4.0% | rising |
| 41 | Zimbabwe | 2.8 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 117.1% | falling |
| 42 | Guinea-Bissau | 2.79 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 1.4% | volatile |
| 43 | Liberia | 2.79 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 26.5% | volatile |
| 44 | Eritrea | 2.79 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 41,430.9% | volatile |
| 45 | Sierra Leone | 2.72 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 9.1% | volatile |
| 46 | Togo | 2.71 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 6.0% | rising |
| 47 | Sao Tome and Principe | 2.69 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 39.7% | rising |
| 48 | Sudan | 2.68 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 31.9% | falling |
| 49 | Vanuatu | 2.65 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 31.9% | falling |
| 50 | Gabon | 2.63 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 17.0% | rising |
| 51 | Rwanda | 2.5 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 6.4% | volatile |
| 52 | Namibia | 2.42 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 5.2% | flat |
| 53 | Ghana | 2.39 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 6.8% | flat |
| 54 | Comoros | 2.33 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 13.4% | rising |
| 55 | East Timor | 2.29 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 26.2% | volatile |
| 56 | Pakistan | 2.27 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 47.2% | falling |
| 57 | Papua New Guinea | 2.17 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 28.6% | rising |
| 58 | Guatemala | 2.17 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 17.6% | falling |
| 59 | Tajikistan | 2.1 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 8.3% | falling |
| 60 | Egypt | 2.01 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 5.5% | falling |
| 61 | Honduras | 1.99 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 28.7% | falling |
| 62 | Botswana | 1.9 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 61.5% | falling |
| 63 | Kyrgyzstan | 1.83 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 22.7% | falling |
| 64 | Ireland | 1.81 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 155.1% | volatile |
| 65 | Gibraltar | 1.8 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 158.5% | volatile |
| 66 | Bolivia | 1.77 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 18.0% | falling |
| 67 | Kiribati | 1.73 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 1.5% | rising |
| 68 | Mongolia | 1.72 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 49.9% | falling |
| 69 | Djibouti | 1.69 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 32.4% | volatile |
| 70 | Nicaragua | 1.68 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 3.0% | falling |
| 71 | Haiti | 1.67 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 17.0% | rising |
| 72 | Lesotho | 1.66 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 48.0% | falling |
| 73 | Libya | 1.65 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 10.7% | volatile |
| 74 | Laos | 1.65 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 27.1% | rising |
| 75 | Algeria | 1.64 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 32.8% | falling |
| 76 | Philippines | 1.58 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 22.4% | falling |
| 77 | Turkmenistan | 1.56 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 27.3% | falling |
| 78 | Belize | 1.55 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 49.5% | rising |
| 79 | Malaysia | 1.53 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 14.5% | falling |
| 80 | Malta | 1.52 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 13.9% | volatile |
| 81 | Seychelles | 1.51 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 15.8% | volatile |
| 82 | Bangladesh | 1.44 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 23.3% | falling |
| 83 | Eswatini | 1.4 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 95.3% | volatile |
| 84 | Maldives | 1.34 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 36.8% | falling |
| 85 | Nauru | 1.33 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 21.3% | volatile |
| 86 | Panama | 1.3 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 29.0% | falling |
| 87 | Iceland | 1.29 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 53.7% | falling |
| 88 | Cayman Islands | 1.29 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 39.9% | falling |
| 89 | Israel | 1.29 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 16.7% | falling |
| 90 | Cape Verde | 1.29 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 300.1% | falling |
| 91 | Bhutan | 1.28 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 17.5% | volatile |
| 92 | Ecuador | 1.28 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 33.9% | falling |
| 93 | Paraguay | 1.25 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 33.4% | falling |
| 94 | Uzbekistan | 1.24 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 9.9% | falling |
| 95 | Peru | 1.21 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 15.6% | falling |
| 96 | Cambodia | 1.2 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 5.7% | volatile |
| 97 | India | 1.18 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 33.1% | falling |
| 98 | Australia | 1.16 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 5.2% | falling |
| 99 | South Africa | 1.11 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 37.6% | falling |
| 100 | Morocco | 1.08 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 8.0% | falling |
| 101 | Iran | 1.05 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 29.6% | falling |
| 102 | Luxembourg | 1.04 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 57.8% | volatile |
| 103 | Lebanon | 1.03 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 29.3% | volatile |
| 104 | Mexico | 0.979 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 33.8% | falling |
| 105 | Samoa | 0.9562 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 13.0% | volatile |
| 106 | Kazakhstan | 0.9326 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 133.5% | volatile |
| 107 | Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | 0.9153 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 54.5% | volatile |
| 108 | Suriname | 0.9002 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 44.8% | falling |
| 109 | Bahrain | 0.8995 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 77.0% | volatile |
| 110 | Indonesia | 0.8977 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 31.8% | falling |
| 111 | Dominican Republic | 0.887 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 38.0% | falling |
| 112 | Argentina | 0.8522 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 13.8% | falling |
| 113 | Armenia | 0.803 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 186.5% | volatile |
| 114 | Andorra | 0.7931 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 146.6% | volatile |
| 115 | Venezuela | 0.7858 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 41.1% | volatile |
| 116 | Colombia | 0.7668 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 39.5% | falling |
| 117 | Fiji | 0.7085 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 151.1% | volatile |
| 118 | Spain | 0.6986 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 296.5% | volatile |
| 119 | New Caledonia | 0.6885 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 32.4% | falling |
| 120 | Norway | 0.6676 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 17.5% | rising |
| 121 | El Salvador | 0.6576 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 37.7% | falling |
| 122 | Myanmar | 0.6468 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 38.5% | falling |
| 123 | Turkey | 0.6398 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 64.9% | falling |
| 124 | Tunisia | 0.6386 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 15.2% | falling |
| 125 | Micronesia (country) | 0.6134 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 3.3% | volatile |
| 126 | Nepal | 0.6077 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 61.8% | falling |
| 127 | British Virgin Islands | 0.5921 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 89.6% | volatile |
| 128 | Faroe Islands | 0.5838 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 11.2% | volatile |
| 129 | Brunei | 0.5638 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 59.9% | falling |
| 130 | Guyana | 0.5309 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 53.9% | volatile |
| 131 | Belgium | 0.4924 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 139.2% | volatile |
| 132 | Bahamas | 0.476 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 57.3% | volatile |
| 133 | Portugal | 0.4741 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 176.6% | volatile |
| 134 | Singapore | 0.4613 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 57.5% | volatile |
| 135 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 0.4588 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 90.6% | volatile |
| 136 | Cyprus | 0.4412 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 65.4% | rising |
| 137 | Vietnam | 0.4158 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 55.1% | falling |
| 138 | Switzerland | 0.4153 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 51.7% | volatile |
| 139 | Canada | 0.4124 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 107.3% | volatile |
| 140 | Sweden | 0.4023 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 9.3% | volatile |
| 141 | Finland | 0.3995 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 180.3% | volatile |
| 142 | Chile | 0.3945 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 58.7% | falling |
| 143 | Liechtenstein | 0.3498 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 19.8% | volatile |
| 144 | Costa Rica | 0.3389 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 71.9% | falling |
| 145 | Denmark | 0.3179 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 28.0% | volatile |
| 146 | French Polynesia | 0.2888 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 68.2% | volatile |
| 147 | Jordan | 0.2847 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 96.7% | falling |
| 148 | China | 0.2659 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 1,310.0% | volatile |
| 149 | New Zealand | 0.2641 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 84.7% | volatile |
| 150 | United Kingdom | 0.2494 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 15.7% | volatile |
| 151 | Azerbaijan | 0.2322 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 46.1% | volatile |
| 152 | Guam | 0.1849 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 129.6% | volatile |
| 153 | Grenada | 0.1826 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 81.5% | volatile |
| 154 | Saint Lucia | 0.1753 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 85.6% | volatile |
| 155 | Brazil | 0.1494 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 84.4% | falling |
| 156 | Uruguay | 0.1268 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 70.6% | volatile |
| 157 | United States | 0.1238 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 69.7% | volatile |
| 158 | Netherlands | 0.0704 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 55.8% | volatile |
| 159 | France | 0.0179 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 111.9% | volatile |
| 160 | Aruba | -0.0107 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 101.8% | volatile |
| 161 | Tonga | -0.0242 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 120.3% | volatile |
| 162 | Antigua and Barbuda | -0.0349 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 103.7% | volatile |
| 163 | Jamaica | -0.0979 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 109.3% | volatile |
| 164 | Croatia | -0.1454 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 91.6% | volatile |
| 165 | San Marino | -0.1616 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 127.8% | volatile |
| 166 | North Korea | -0.1835 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 133.9% | volatile |
| 167 | Romania | -0.2031 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 83.6% | volatile |
| 168 | Dominica | -0.2158 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 126.5% | volatile |
| 169 | Greece | -0.2286 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 72.5% | volatile |
| 170 | Isle of Man | -0.2393 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 71.4% | volatile |
| 171 | Czechia | -0.244 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 73.3% | volatile |
| 172 | Kuwait | -0.2505 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 109.7% | volatile |
| 173 | Slovenia | -0.2607 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 66.3% | volatile |
| 174 | Palau | -0.3062 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 64.3% | volatile |
| 175 | Austria | -0.3254 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 144.5% | volatile |
| 176 | Bulgaria | -0.3459 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 83.8% | volatile |
| 177 | Trinidad and Tobago | -0.4651 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 420.0% | volatile |
| 178 | Japan | -0.4862 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 55.7% | volatile |
| 179 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | -0.4905 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 52.1% | volatile |
| 180 | Curacao | -0.4984 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 184.5% | volatile |
| 181 | Mauritius | -0.5079 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 1,302.5% | volatile |
| 182 | Montenegro | -0.5208 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 10.4% | volatile |
| 183 | Thailand | -0.5336 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 250.1% | volatile |
| 184 | Italy | -0.5398 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 1.3% | volatile |
| 185 | North Macedonia | -0.5512 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 3.0% | volatile |
| 186 | Barbados | -0.6197 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 807.9% | volatile |
| 187 | Slovakia | -0.6504 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 1.2% | volatile |
| 188 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | -0.6617 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 181.8% | volatile |
| 189 | Lithuania | -0.6918 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 50.5% | volatile |
| 190 | Cuba | -0.7166 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 220.6% | volatile |
| 191 | Kosovo | -0.7404 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 41.8% | volatile |
| 191 | Kosovo (UNSCR 1244) | -0.7404 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 41.8% | volatile |
| 193 | Greenland | -0.744 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 895.3% | volatile |
| 194 | Poland | -0.7839 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 7.3% | volatile |
| 195 | Russia | -0.7862 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 7.4% | volatile |
| 196 | Hungary | -0.7919 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 27.4% | volatile |
| 197 | Estonia | -0.8032 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 10.5% | volatile |
| 198 | Germany | -0.8211 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 378.9% | volatile |
| 199 | Sri Lanka | -0.869 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 241.3% | volatile |
| 200 | Puerto Rico | -0.9347 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 31.5% | volatile |
| 201 | Belarus | -0.9722 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 32.3% | volatile |
| 202 | Macao | -0.999 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 133.8% | volatile |
| 203 | Monaco | -1.04 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 5,231.1% | volatile |
| 204 | Serbia | -1.12 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 14.6% | volatile |
| 205 | South Korea | -1.16 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 261.8% | volatile |
| 206 | United States Virgin Islands | -1.17 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 4.2% | volatile |
| 207 | Bermuda | -1.19 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 235.3% | volatile |
| 208 | American Samoa | -1.22 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 20.3% | volatile |
| 209 | Hong Kong | -1.43 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 375.5% | volatile |
| 210 | Latvia | -1.54 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 15.8% | volatile |
| 211 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | -1.6 % change on previous year | 2025 | up 11.5% | volatile |
| 212 | Albania | -1.93 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 28.4% | volatile |
| 213 | Northern Mariana Islands | -2.18 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 29.1% | volatile |
| 214 | Moldova | -2.44 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 10.5% | volatile |
| 215 | Tuvalu | -2.67 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 2,321.1% | volatile |
| 216 | Marshall Islands | -2.8 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 134.4% | volatile |
| 217 | Saint Martin (French part) | -5.72 % change on previous year | 2025 | down 1,760.0% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Pre-demographic dividend 3.15 % change on previous year
- Chagai -0.1487 % change on previous year
- Low income 3.12 % change on previous year
- Euro area -0.1517 % change on previous year
- Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) 3.09 % change on previous year
- European Union -0.2032 % change on previous year
- Africa Western and Central 3.02 % change on previous year
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) 2.96 % change on previous year
- Sub-Saharan Africa 2.96 % change on previous year
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 2.96 % change on previous year
- Africa Eastern and Southern 2.92 % change on previous year
- Least developed countries 2.62 % change on previous year
- IDA blend 2.55 % change on previous year
- IDA total 2.54 % change on previous year
- IDA only 2.54 % change on previous year
- Arab World 2.52 % change on previous year
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan 2.25 % change on previous year
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (excluding high income) 2.1 % change on previous year
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (IDA & IBRD) 2.09 % change on previous year
- Lower middle income 1.64 % change on previous year
- Pacific island small states 1.56 % change on previous year
- Early-demographic dividend 1.42 % change on previous year
- Low & middle income 1.28 % change on previous year
- IDA & IBRD total 1.22 % change on previous year
- South Asia 1.17 % change on previous year
- South Asia (IDA & IBRD) 1.17 % change on previous year
- Middle income 1.08 % change on previous year
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 1.08 % change on previous year
- World 1.06 % change on previous year
- Other small states 0.9191 % change on previous year
- Small states 0.8321 % change on previous year
- IBRD only 0.7664 % change on previous year
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 0.731 % change on previous year
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 0.7224 % change on previous year
- Latin America & Caribbean 0.6981 % change on previous year
- Upper middle income 0.5853 % change on previous year
- East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 0.4576 % change on previous year
- East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 0.4495 % change on previous year
- East Asia & Pacific 0.3542 % change on previous year
- Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 0.2621 % change on previous year
How this figure is calculated
The year-on-year percentage change in Population ages 15-64, female. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Computed from
- Population ages 15-64, female World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN), publisher: UN Population Division
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
The year-on-year percentage change in Population ages 15-64, female. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.