Population ages 0-14, male, per square kilometre by country
Population ages 0-14, male divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
What the numbers show
Population ages 0-14, male, per square kilometre is currently reported for 215 countries. The highest value is 1,485 units per square kilometre in Macao; the lowest is 0.0148 units per square kilometre in Greenland.
The median across all reporting countries is 12.04 units per square kilometre, and the mean is 40.12 units per square kilometre.
Over the past decade 119 countries rose and 96 fell. The largest increase was in Oman (up 51.2%), and the largest decrease in Saint Martin (French part) (down 43.8%).
Population ages 0-14, male, per square kilometre: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Macao | 1,485 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.7% | falling |
| 2 | Monaco | 1,248 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.0% | rising |
| 3 | Singapore | 497.98 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.0% | falling |
| 4 | Hong Kong | 390.64 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 4.3% | falling |
| 5 | Gibraltar | 352.6 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.9% | falling |
| 6 | Bangladesh | 193.38 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.4% | rising |
| 7 | Bahrain | 190.88 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.1% | rising |
| 8 | Maldives | 188.69 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.9% | rising |
| 9 | Palestine | 167.49 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 20.7% | rising |
| 10 | Burundi | 121.59 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 29.4% | rising |
| 11 | Malta | 117.59 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.3% | falling |
| 12 | Nauru | 116.75 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.6% | rising |
| 13 | Rwanda | 107.23 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.6% | rising |
| 14 | Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | 105.79 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.8% | flat |
| 15 | Comoros | 86.69 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.4% | rising |
| 16 | Bermuda | 85.3 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 13.8% | falling |
| 17 | Lebanon | 77.35 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.3% | rising |
| 18 | Haiti | 67.2 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.5% | rising |
| 19 | Israel | 64.47 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.8% | rising |
| 20 | India | 63.19 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7.6% | rising |
| 21 | Pakistan | 60.82 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.8% | rising |
| 22 | Saint Martin (French part) | 58.56 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 43.8% | falling |
| 23 | Barbados | 58.4 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 9.7% | falling |
| 24 | Tuvalu | 56.23 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 10.0% | rising |
| 25 | Philippines | 56.18 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 8.0% | rising |
| 26 | Gambia | 54.84 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.0% | volatile |
| 27 | Uganda | 53.71 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.7% | volatile |
| 28 | Nigeria | 52.65 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.5% | rising |
| 29 | Aruba | 52.26 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 10.1% | flat |
| 30 | Mauritius | 46.62 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 26.1% | falling |
| 31 | Sao Tome and Principe | 46.29 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.0% | rising |
| 32 | Malawi | 46.22 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.0% | rising |
| 33 | Guam | 41.38 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.9% | rising |
| 34 | Netherlands | 41.26 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 5.4% | falling |
| 35 | Sri Lanka | 40.57 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.5% | rising |
| 36 | El Salvador | 39.46 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 13.5% | rising |
| 37 | Vietnam | 38.94 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.7% | rising |
| 38 | Marshall Islands | 38.63 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 31.9% | falling |
| 39 | San Marino | 36.35 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 16.4% | rising |
| 40 | Grenada | 34.85 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 11.4% | falling |
| 41 | American Samoa | 32.9 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 28.2% | rising |
| 42 | Dominican Republic | 32.25 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.4% | rising |
| 43 | Belgium | 32.18 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.7% | rising |
| 44 | Togo | 31.71 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.9% | rising |
| 45 | Nepal | 30.67 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 8.7% | rising |
| 46 | South Korea | 29.84 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 24.5% | falling |
| 47 | Kiribati | 28.92 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.3% | rising |
| 48 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 28.57 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 17.8% | falling |
| 49 | Guatemala | 27.58 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.2% | rising |
| 50 | Ghana | 27.19 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.9% | rising |
| 51 | Curacao | 27.04 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 20.3% | falling |
| 52 | Seychelles | 26.78 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.4% | falling |
| 53 | Tonga | 26.74 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 6.0% | flat |
| 54 | Saint Lucia | 26.67 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 16.8% | falling |
| 55 | Micronesia (country) | 26.61 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.9% | falling |
| 56 | Benin | 26.53 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 26.4% | volatile |
| 57 | Kuwait | 25.91 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.0% | rising |
| 58 | United States Virgin Islands | 25.74 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 18.6% | falling |
| 59 | Jamaica | 25.53 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 20.9% | falling |
| 60 | United Kingdom | 25.29 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.6% | falling |
| 61 | Cayman Islands | 25.07 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.9% | rising |
| 62 | Trinidad and Tobago | 24.46 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7.4% | falling |
| 63 | Ethiopia | 22.88 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.1% | rising |
| 64 | Sierra Leone | 22.75 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.2% | rising |
| 65 | Puerto Rico | 22.28 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 40.1% | falling |
| 66 | North Korea | 21.37 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.0% | falling |
| 67 | Luxembourg | 20.93 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.2% | rising |
| 68 | Jordan | 20.48 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 28.3% | volatile |
| 69 | Cote d'Ivoire | 20.47 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.1% | volatile |
| 70 | Japan | 20.43 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 13.1% | falling |
| 71 | British Virgin Islands | 19.97 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7.7% | rising |
| 72 | Syria | 19.95 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 13.1% | rising |
| 73 | Iraq | 19.74 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.2% | rising |
| 74 | Antigua and Barbuda | 19.6 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 12.6% | falling |
| 75 | Egypt | 19.11 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.9% | rising |
| 76 | Indonesia | 19.01 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.6% | rising |
| 77 | Liechtenstein | 18.88 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.4% | rising |
| 78 | Senegal | 18.85 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 22.5% | rising |
| 79 | Burkina Faso | 18.12 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.0% | rising |
| 80 | Qatar | 18.01 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 45.4% | volatile |
| 81 | Kenya | 17.96 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.6% | rising |
| 82 | Cape Verde | 17.57 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 9.6% | rising |
| 83 | Switzerland | 17.34 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.6% | falling |
| 84 | Germany | 17.03 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.5% | falling |
| 85 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 16.41 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 15.1% | falling |
| 86 | Tanzania | 16.22 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 30.2% | rising |
| 87 | East Timor | 16.2 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.3% | rising |
| 88 | Yemen | 15.75 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 30.9% | volatile |
| 89 | Samoa | 15.54 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.3% | rising |
| 90 | Guinea-Bissau | 15.21 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.1% | rising |
| 91 | Cambodia | 15.18 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.4% | rising |
| 92 | Honduras | 15.09 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.6% | rising |
| 93 | Azerbaijan | 14.45 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.7% | flat |
| 94 | Afghanistan | 14.05 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.8% | volatile |
| 95 | Tajikistan | 13.8 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.1% | rising |
| 96 | Lesotho | 13.37 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.6% | rising |
| 97 | China | 13.32 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7.1% | falling |
| 98 | Uzbekistan | 12.94 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.3% | rising |
| 99 | Cameroon | 12.63 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.6% | rising |
| 100 | Italy | 12.45 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 14.8% | falling |
| 101 | Equatorial Guinea | 12.45 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.4% | volatile |
| 102 | Turkey | 12.33 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.7% | rising |
| 103 | Malaysia | 12.31 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.1% | rising |
| 104 | Guinea | 12.26 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.4% | rising |
| 105 | United Arab Emirates | 12.23 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.9% | volatile |
| 106 | Denmark | 12.11 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.8% | falling |
| 107 | Eswatini | 12.1 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.5% | rising |
| 108 | Cyprus | 12.04 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.2% | flat |
| 109 | Northern Mariana Islands | 11.69 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 23.6% | falling |
| 110 | Liberia | 11.55 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.9% | rising |
| 111 | Czechia | 11.29 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.3% | falling |
| 112 | Morocco | 11.28 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.7% | rising |
| 113 | Isle of Man | 10.94 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 13.4% | rising |
| 114 | Thailand | 10.9 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 17.7% | falling |
| 115 | France | 10.9 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 5.7% | falling |
| 116 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 10.78 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 40.2% | volatile |
| 117 | Andorra | 10.77 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 15.8% | rising |
| 118 | Madagascar | 10.75 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.8% | rising |
| 119 | Armenia | 10.66 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.8% | falling |
| 120 | Myanmar | 10.44 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.6% | rising |
| 121 | Tunisia | 9.88 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.3% | rising |
| 122 | Costa Rica | 9.87 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 10.7% | rising |
| 123 | Mozambique | 9.61 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.5% | rising |
| 124 | Brunei | 9.51 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 4.7% | rising |
| 125 | Poland | 9.28 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.4% | falling |
| 126 | Ecuador | 9.24 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 5.4% | rising |
| 127 | Slovakia | 9.2 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.8% | falling |
| 128 | Zimbabwe | 8.78 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.2% | rising |
| 129 | Cuba | 8.5 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 10.5% | falling |
| 130 | Mexico | 8.46 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 4.7% | rising |
| 131 | Nicaragua | 8.4 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.2% | rising |
| 132 | French Polynesia | 8.25 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 18.1% | rising |
| 133 | Austria | 8.14 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.4% | falling |
| 134 | Slovenia | 8.07 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.2% | falling |
| 135 | Dominica | 8.03 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 22.5% | falling |
| 136 | Hungary | 7.82 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.3% | falling |
| 137 | Albania | 7.81 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 25.9% | falling |
| 138 | Panama | 7.79 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.1% | rising |
| 139 | Moldova | 7.63 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.0% | falling |
| 140 | Portugal | 7.62 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 11.9% | falling |
| 141 | Ireland | 7.5 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.7% | flat |
| 142 | Djibouti | 7.44 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.2% | volatile |
| 143 | Fiji | 7.03 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 8.3% | rising |
| 144 | Somalia | 6.93 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 39.3% | volatile |
| 145 | South Africa | 6.82 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.9% | rising |
| 146 | Romania | 6.73 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.9% | falling |
| 147 | Spain | 6.6 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 8.7% | falling |
| 148 | Angola | 6.6 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.9% | volatile |
| 149 | Iran | 6.56 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.7% | rising |
| 150 | North Macedonia | 6.33 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 13.7% | falling |
| 151 | Kyrgyzstan | 6.21 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 29.8% | rising |
| 152 | Zambia | 5.85 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.8% | rising |
| 153 | Georgia | 5.8 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.2% | falling |
| 154 | Serbia | 5.7 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.4% | falling |
| 155 | Greece | 5.64 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 11.7% | falling |
| 156 | Eritrea | 5.59 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.1% | rising |
| 157 | Sudan | 5.52 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.3% | rising |
| 158 | Solomon Islands | 5.51 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.3% | rising |
| 159 | Vanuatu | 5.23 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 26.9% | rising |
| 160 | Laos | 5.17 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.6% | rising |
| 161 | Croatia | 5.02 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 12.8% | falling |
| 162 | Colombia | 4.96 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 9.0% | rising |
| 163 | Niger | 4.93 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.2% | volatile |
| 164 | Ukraine | 4.8 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 19.8% | falling |
| 165 | Mali | 4.58 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 32.0% | rising |
| 166 | Bulgaria | 4.43 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 4.3% | falling |
| 167 | Montenegro | 4.4 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 0.4% | flat |
| 168 | Venezuela | 4.31 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 14.3% | rising |
| 169 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4.26 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 21.1% | falling |
| 170 | Faroe Islands | 4.1 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.3% | falling |
| 171 | Papua New Guinea | 4.03 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.2% | rising |
| 172 | Belarus | 3.88 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.1% | falling |
| 173 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 3.85 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.4% | rising |
| 174 | Congo | 3.73 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 26.2% | rising |
| 175 | Palau | 3.73 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7.8% | falling |
| 176 | Bahamas | 3.7 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 11.8% | rising |
| 177 | South Sudan | 3.66 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.1% | flat |
| 178 | Chad | 3.63 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 35.6% | volatile |
| 179 | Lithuania | 3.5 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.3% | falling |
| 180 | United States | 3.32 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.6% | rising |
| 181 | Peru | 3.28 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.4% | rising |
| 182 | Algeria | 3.03 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.0% | rising |
| 183 | Estonia | 2.63 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.2% | falling |
| 184 | Brazil | 2.57 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 8.8% | rising |
| 185 | Paraguay | 2.54 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.8% | rising |
| 186 | Turkmenistan | 2.54 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 32.3% | rising |
| 187 | Belize | 2.49 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.5% | rising |
| 188 | Latvia | 2.45 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.5% | falling |
| 189 | Chile | 2.34 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 5.7% | flat |
| 190 | Bhutan | 2.3 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 16.6% | rising |
| 191 | Sweden | 2.3 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.8% | rising |
| 192 | Oman | 2.1 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 51.2% | rising |
| 193 | Central African Republic | 2.05 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 14.6% | rising |
| 194 | Saudi Arabia | 1.93 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.7% | volatile |
| 195 | Argentina | 1.9 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 5.7% | rising |
| 196 | New Zealand | 1.86 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.4% | rising |
| 197 | Uruguay | 1.85 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 11.9% | falling |
| 198 | Gabon | 1.78 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 29.8% | rising |
| 199 | New Caledonia | 1.74 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 9.6% | rising |
| 200 | Bolivia | 1.73 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.7% | rising |
| 201 | Finland | 1.4 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 6.6% | falling |
| 202 | Norway | 1.28 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.4% | flat |
| 203 | Kazakhstan | 1.14 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.8% | rising |
| 204 | Mauritania | 1.06 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 32.8% | rising |
| 205 | Russia | 0.7898 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.1% | falling |
| 206 | Botswana | 0.7113 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.5% | rising |
| 207 | Namibia | 0.668 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.9% | rising |
| 208 | Libya | 0.5959 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.4% | rising |
| 209 | Guyana | 0.5823 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.3% | falling |
| 210 | Suriname | 0.5171 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.4% | flat |
| 211 | Mongolia | 0.3751 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 39.7% | rising |
| 212 | Canada | 0.3568 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.5% | falling |
| 213 | Iceland | 0.3549 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.7% | flat |
| 214 | Australia | 0.3212 units per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.8% | rising |
| 215 | Greenland | 0.0148 units per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.3% | falling |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- South Asia 65.75 units per square kilometre
- South Asia (IDA & IBRD) 65.75 units per square kilometre
- Chagai 63.56 units per square kilometre
- Euro area 9.26 units per square kilometre
- IDA blend 26.61 units per square kilometre
- European Union 8.44 units per square kilometre
- Lower middle income 23.65 units per square kilometre
- Early-demographic dividend 15.02 units per square kilometre
- IDA total 14.62 units per square kilometre
- East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 13.49 units per square kilometre
- East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 13.43 units per square kilometre
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (excluding high income) 12.42 units per square kilometre
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (IDA & IBRD) 12.32 units per square kilometre
- Middle income 12.19 units per square kilometre
- Africa Western and Central 11.9 units per square kilometre
- Low & middle income 11.86 units per square kilometre
- IDA only 11.74 units per square kilometre
- Pre-demographic dividend 11.34 units per square kilometre
- Least developed countries 11.25 units per square kilometre
- Sub-Saharan Africa 10.92 units per square kilometre
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 10.92 units per square kilometre
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) 10.92 units per square kilometre
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan 10.51 units per square kilometre
- Low income 10.39 units per square kilometre
- Africa Eastern and Southern 10.33 units per square kilometre
- Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) 9.98 units per square kilometre
- IDA & IBRD total 9.8 units per square kilometre
- East Asia & Pacific 9.47 units per square kilometre
- IBRD only 8.07 units per square kilometre
- World 8.01 units per square kilometre
- Upper middle income 7.33 units per square kilometre
- Pacific island small states 7.23 units per square kilometre
- Central Europe and the Baltics 7.08 units per square kilometre
- Arab World 6.15 units per square kilometre
- Other small states 5.66 units per square kilometre
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 5.01 units per square kilometre
- Late-demographic dividend 4.91 units per square kilometre
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 3.89 units per square kilometre
- Latin America & Caribbean 3.83 units per square kilometre
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 3.79 units per square kilometre
How this figure is calculated
Population ages 0-14, male divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Population ages 0-14, male ÷ Land area (sq. km)
Computed from
- Population ages 0-14, male World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN), publisher: UN Population Division
- Land area FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
Population ages 0-14, male divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.